Welcome to our page Interior Design Students!
In our fast-paced world,
contemporary designs are considered fairly new concepts. A lot factors are
taken into consideration: From basic amenity to aesthetically-pleasing, from
being environment-friendly to economical and practical.
Before any construction work
is started, there are requirements that should be followed from the National
Building Code to ensure the safety of people who will be occupying the
building. Familiarity of Building Code will help you prepare for the process.
Below are the topics discussed
on our page:
* Section
1206. Roof Construction and Covering.
* Section
1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.
* Section
1208. Skylights.
* Section
1209. Bays, Porches, and Balconies.
* Section
1210. Penthouse and Roof Structures.
Section 1206. Roof Construction and Covering.
A. ROOF COVERING
* Fire-retardant or ordinary
* Combustible roof insulation
can be used (with approved covering for the roof)
B. ROOF TRUSSES
* Framed & tied into the
framework and supporting walls
* Joints should be tightened
well
* To brace all trusses,
diagonal and sway bracing shall be used
* Camber should be provided to
avoid sagging
C. ATTICS
Attics can be an interesting
part of a house for the reason that aside from using the space as storage, it
can also be transformed into a bedroom or any desired space.
1. Access
There
should be an opening to the attic on the top floor ceiling of the building. It
should be at the corridor or hallway (buildings that are 3 storeys or more).
Opening:
600 millimeters or less in diameter
Headroom:
800 millimeters minimum
2. Area Separation
There
should be a division of not more than 250 sq meters horizontally. If there are
fire-extinguishing systems, the are can be divided of not more than 750 sq
meters.
3. Draft Stops
In
between roof and bottom chords/trusses, draft stops should be installed
(buildings exceeding 2000 sq meters); used for attic separations
4. Ventilation
To
protect entrance of rain, rafter spaces formed where ceilings are applied
direct to the underside or roof rafters.
As future interior designers, we
should take note of this. The measurements are important as it concerns the
safety of the space we are designing.
D. ROOF DRAINING SYSTEM
1. Roof Drains
Installed
with adequate size at low points.
2. Overflow Drains and Scuppers
Installed
together with roof drains.
3. Concealed Piping
In
accordance to the National Plumbing Code, it should be installed.
4. Over Public Property
The
water draining from the roof shall not be permitted to flow over public
property. Group A and J Occupancies are excepted.
5. Flashing
There
should be flashing and counter flashing at the areas of the roof juncture and
of the vertical surfaces.
SECTION 1207. Stairs, exits, and occupancy load
A)
GENERAL
According to the Building Code stated in Section 1207, the occupant
load permitted in any building or portion thereof is based on dividing the
floor area assigned to that use by the unit area allowed per occupant as
determined by the Secretary. For example, in a luxurious restaurant an adult
would require 1.2 sq.m. space for comfort. As designers, we should always take
this into consideration because this may lead to crowding. Take note! Crowding
is distasteful to many adults.
B)
EXITS
Every
building should have at least one exit. If a building has more than 10
occupants it should have at least 2 exits. The maximum number of exits required
for any storey shall be maintained until egress is provided from the
structures. The total exit width in meters is determined by using the occupant
load of that storey plus the percentage of the occupant loads of floors which
exits through the level under consideration. If there are two exits, they shall
be placed a distance apart to not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of the
area served measured in a straight line.
C) DOORS
Why are doors
important? This question may seem silly, but doors are very important because
how on earth are we supposed to enter a building without breaking through the
wall or take a shower with no privacy.
In
buildings with occupants more than 50 people, the swing of the exit door should
always be in the direction of the exit travel. Exit door should be accessed
from the inside without the use of a key or any special knowledge or effort.
The exit doorway should not be less than 900mm and not less than 2000mm in
height and no door leaf should exceed 1200mm in width. Other exit doors should
have an exit sign so that it is easily distinguished. An exit passageway shall
not be used for any purpose other than as a means of egress.
D) CORRIDORS AND EXTERIOR EXIT
BALCONIES
Corridor
is a passage way that provide access between rooms inside a building which are
mostly seen in hotels, schools and offices. The width of a corridor or exit
balcony should not be less that 1100mm. It should also not be obstructed except
for the trim handrails. For ease of
access to exit in building which requires more than one exit, arrangement that
will allow accessibility from either direction from any point should be
considered.
E) STAIRWAYS
When designers are
planning spaces within the home stairs are often redesigned many times before
they are built. Stairs not only need to be located in an appropriate location,
but they must be comfortable to use and safe for their users.
To ensure your stairs
are designed and constructed for comfort, style & safety by confirming and
reffering to the national building code of the Philippines. Stairs can take up
a considerable amount of space. You may need to factor in circulation space
around the stairs as well. You can safely assume that a staircase will require a minimum width not less than 1.1m for occupants
more than 50 , 900mm for less than 50 occupants and a 750mm serving an occupant
load of 10. A rise not exceeding 200mm and a run not less than 250mm. A
beautiful staircase has the potential of becoming a stunning focal point in any
home. In fact, the staircase is an accent piece by nature, it became more and
more important and interior designers have made it the star of their projects.
But, most often, it’s the handrail that
makes it stand out requiring designers to have a standard of not less than 800
millimeters nor more than 900 millimeters above the nosing of treads. Exterior construction stairways should be of
incombustible materials such as steel and stone which will not ignite at or
below a temperature of one thousand two hundred (1200) degrees during an
exposure of five (5) minutes. Curved, spiral, or winding stairways are
permitted only with the specific approval of the Commandant. For every required
stairway shall have a headroom clearance
not less than 2m.
G) HORIZONTAL EXIT
A horizontal exit is an
“exit.” When a horizontal exit is properly designed, occupants can actually
“exit” to the interior of the building in an area designed as a “safe area.” To
properly design, there are fundamental requirements that must be met for a
horizontal exit to be incorporated into a building design. The floor area on
either side of the horizontal exit must
be adequate to hold the occupants of both sides, allowing 0.30 square meter of
net floor area per ambulatory occupant and 1.90 square meters per
non-ambulatory occupant.
H) EXIT ENCLOSURES
Every interior stairway, ramp, or escalator shall be
enclosed as specified on the code except that enclosure will not be required
for stairway, ramp, or escalator serving only one adjacent floor and not
connected with corridors or stairways serving other floors.
I) SMOKEPROOF ENCLOSURES
In building safety and
construction, a smokeproof enclosure
built with incombustible material is a type stairwell that has been
designed to keep out smoke in the event of a
fire, so that building
occupants may more safely exit the building. One enters a smokeproof enclosure by means of an open-air balcony
or alternatively, a so-called open vestibule, and proceeds to the stairwell
itself then exits into a public way or into an exit passageway leading to a
public way.
Every exit court shall discharge into a public way or an
exit passageway. Passageways shall be
without openings other than required exits and shall have walls, floors, and
ceilings of the same period of fire-resistance as the walls, floors and
ceilings of the building but shall not be less than one hour fire resistive
construction.Width shall be at least as
wide as the required width being based on the occupant load served providing
exits to every exit court. Openings
more than 3.00 m above the floor of the exit court may be unprotected and
openings less than 3.00 m should be protected with fire resistive assemblies. Fire
resistive assemblies is a combination of materials put together in a specific
way that achieves the fire resistance rating required in the building code. For
example, gypsum wallboard applied to a steel stud. In order to achieve a
minimum fire resistance rating, both sides of the steel stud would have to be
covered with fire-rated gypsum wallboard. Fire-resistance ratings apply only to
assemblies in their entirety.
K) EXIT SIGNS AND ILLUMINATION
The face of the photo luminescent sign must be
continually illuminated while the building is occupied. The face of the sign shall
be illuminated according to its listing from the face of the sign. The
illumination has to be a reliable source as determined by the Authority Having
Jurisdiction. The charging light must be of the same type that is specified on
the sign with light having an intensity
of not less than 10.7 lux at floor level.
Travel within tiered seating shall be considered
exit access. Exit access includes aisles,
cross-aisles, sloped or level walking surfaces, vomitories, tunnels, stairs and
ramps connecting the tiered seating structure to other portions of a
building, structure or grade.
L) AISLES
Every aisle shall be not less than 800 millimeters wide if serving only
one side, and not less than 1-meter-wide if serving both sides. Such minimum width shall be measured at the
point farthest from an exit, cross aisle, or foyer and shall be increased by 30
millimeters for every meters in length towards the exit, cross aisle or foyer.
In areas occupied by seats and in Groups H and I Occupancies without
seats, the line travel to an exit door
by ansle shall be not more than 45.00 meters. With standard spacing, as
specified in this Code, aisles shall be so located that there will be not more
than seven seats between the wall and aisle and not more than fourteen seats
between aisles. The number of seats between aisles may be increased to 30 where
exit doors are provided along each side aisle of the row of seats at the rate
of one pair of exit doors for every five rows of seats, provided further that
the distance between seats back to back is at least one meter. Such exit doors
shall provide a minimum clear width of 1.70 meters.
Aisles shall terminate in a cross
aisle, foyer, or exit. The width of the cross aisle shall be not less than
the sum of the required width of the widest aisle plus fifty percent of the
total required width of the remaining aisle leading thereto. In Groups C, H and
E Occupancies, aisles shall not be provided a dead end greater than 6.00 meters
in length.
Vomitories connecting the foyer or main exit with the cross aisles shall have a
total width not less than the sum of the required width of the widest aisles
leading thereto plus fifty percent of the total required width of the remaining
aisles leading thereto.
The slope portion of aisle
shall not exceed a fall 1 in 8.
M) SEATS
With standard seating, the
spacing of rows of seats from back-to-back shall not less than 840 millimeters.
With continental seating, the spacing of rows of unoccupied seat shall provide
a clear width measured horizontally, as follows: 450 millimeters clear for rows
of 18 seats or less; 500 millimeters clear for rows of 35 seats or less; 525
millimeters clear for rows of 45 seats or less; and 550 millimeters clear for
rows of 46 seats or more. The width if any seat be not less than 450
millimeters.
Reviewing
Stands, Grandstands, and Bleachers.
Stands made of combustible framing shall be limited to 11 rows or 2.70
meters in height.
The minimum unit live load
for reviewing stands, grandstands, and bleachers shall be 500 kilograms per
square meter of horizontal projection for the structure as a whole. Seat and
footboards shall be 180 kilograms per linear meter. The sway force, applied to
seats, shall be 35 kilograms per linear meter parallel to the seats and 15
kilograms per linear meter perpendicular to the seats. Sway forces need not to
be applied simultaneously with other lateral forces.
The minimum spacing of rows of
seats measured from back-to-back shall be: 600 millimeters for seats
without backrests in open air stands; 750 millimeters for seats with backrests,
and 850 millimeters for chair seating.
There shall be a space of not
less than 300 millimeters between the back of each seat and the front of
the seat immediately behind it.
The maximum rise from one row
of seats to the next shall not exceed 400 millimeters.
For determining the seating capacity of a stand the width of any seat
shall not be less than 450 millimeters nor more than 480 millimeters.
The number of seats between any seat and an aisle shall not be greater
than 15 for open air stands with seats without backrests in buildings.
Aisles shall be provided in all stands: except, that aisles may be omitted
when all the following conditions exists;
Seats are without backrests; the rise from row to row does not exceed 300
millimeters per row; the number of rows does not exceed 11 in height; the top seating board is not over 3.00
meters above grade; and the first seating board is not more than 500
millimeters above grade. No obstruction shall be placed in the required width
of any aisle or exitway.
When an aisle is elevated
more than 200 millimeters above grade, the aisle shall be provided with a stairway or ramp whose width is not
less than the width of the aisle.
No vertical aisle shall have a dead
end more than 16 rows in depth regardless of the number of exits required.
Aisles shall have a minimum width of 1.10 meters.
The requirements in this Code shall apply to all stairs and ramps except
for portions that pass through the seating area.
The maximum rise of treads shall not exceed 200 millimeters and the
minimum width of the run shall be 280 millimeters. The maximum variation in the
width of treads in any one flight shall not be more than 5 millimeters and the
maximum variation in one height of two adjacent rises shall not exceed 5
millimeters.
The slope of a ramp shall not
exceed 1 in 8. Ramps shall be roughened or shall be of approved nonslip
material. A ramp with a slope exceeding 1 in 10 shall have handrails. Stairs
for stands shall have handrails. Handrails shall conform to the requirements of
this Code.
Guardrails shall be required in all locations where the top of a seat plank is
more than 1.20 meters above the grade and at the front of stands elevated more
than 600 millimeters above grade. Where only sections of stands are used,
guardrails shall be provided as required in this Code.
Railings shall be 1.10 meters above the rear of a seat plank or 1.10 meters
above the rear of the steps in the aisle when the guardrail is parallel and
adjacent to the aisle: Except, that the height may be reduced to 900
millimeters for guardrails located in front of the grandstand.
A midrail shall be placed
adjacent to any seat to limit the open distance above the top of any part of a
seat to 250 millimeters where the seat is at the extreme end or at the extreme
rear of the bleachers or grandstand. The intervening space shall have one
additional rail midway in the opening: Except, that railings may be omitted
when stands are placed directly against a wall or fence giving equivalent
protection; stairs and ramps shall be provided with guardrails. Handrails at
the front of stands and adjacent to an aisle shall be designed to resist a load
of 75 kilograms per linear meter applied at the top rail. Other handrails shall
be designed to resist a load of 40 kilograms per linear meter.
Footboards shall be provided for all rows of seats above the third row or
beginning at such point where the seating plank is more than 600 millimeters
above grade.
Exits
The line of travel to an exit shall not be more than 45.00 meters. For
stands with seats without backseats this distance may be measured by direct
line from a seat to the exit from the stand. Aisle Used as Exit. An aisle may
be considered as only one exit unless it is continuous at both ends to a legal
building exit or to a safe dispersal area.
A stand with the first seating board not more than 500 millimeters above
grade of floor may be considered to have two exits when the bottom of the stand
is open at both ends. Every stand or section of a stand within a building shall
have at least two means of egress when the stand accommodates more than 50
persons. Every open air stand having seats without backrest shall have at least
two means of egress when the stand accommodates more than 300 persons.
Three exits shall be required for stands within a building when there are more than
300 occupants within a stand and for open air stands with seats without
backrests where a stand or section of a stand accommodates more than 1000
occupants.
Four exits shall be required when a stand or section of a stand accommodates more
than 1000 occupants: Except, that for an open air stand with seats without
backrests four exits need not be provided unless there are accommodations for
more than 3000 occupants.
The total width of
exits in meters shall not be less than the total
occupant load served divided by 165: Except, that for open air stands with
seats without backrests the total width of exits in meter shall not be less
than the total occupant load served divided by 500 when existing by stairs, and
divided by 650 when existing by ramps or horizontally. When both horizontal and
stair exits are used, the total width of exits shall be determined by using
both figures as applicable. No exit shall be less than 1.10 meters in width. Exits
shall be located at a reasonable distance apart. When only two exits are
provided, they shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter apart.
Chairs and benches used on raised stands shall be secured to the platforms upon which they are placed: Except, that
when less than 25 chairs are used upon single raised platform the fastening of
seat to the platform may be omitted. When more than 500 loose chairs are used
in connection with athletic events, chairs shall be fastened together in groups
of not less than three, and shall be tied or staked to the ground.
Each safe dispersal area
shall have at least two exits. If more than 6000 persons are to be accommodated
within such an area, there shall be a minimum of three exits, and for more than
9000 persons there shall be a minimum of four exits. The aggregate clear width
of exits from a safe dispersal area shall be determined on the bases of not
less than one exit unit of 600 millimeters for each 500 persons to be
accommodated and not exit shall be less than 1.10 meters in width, a reasonable
distance apart that shall be spaced not less than one-fifth of the perimeter of
the area apart from each other.
Special Hazards
Except in Group A Occupancies, every boiler room and every room containing an incinerator or liquified
petroleum gas or liquid fuel-fired equipment shall be provided with at least
two means of egress, one of which may be a ladder. All interior openings shall
be protected as provided for in this Code.
Cellulose Nitrate
Handling
Film laboratories, projection rooms, and nitro-cellulose processing
rooms shall have not less than two exits.
Section
1208. Skylights.
Skylights
are widely viewed as a desirable feature for buildings that have human
occupation during daylight hours. They increase the amenity of internal spaces
that have no windows or low natural light levels and they promote architectural
freedom.
Skylighting types include roof
windows, unit skylights, tubular daylighting devices (TDDs), sloped glazing,
and custom skylights. Uses include:
·
daylighting elements used to
allow direct and/or indirect sunlight, via toplighting.
·
providing a visual connection to
the outdoor environment to interior occupants.
·
sustainable building — passive
solar heating, and with operable units; ventilation for passive cooling and
fresh air exchange.
Before selecting a skylight for your home,
determine what type of skylight will work best and where to place it to
optimize its contribution to your home’s energy efficiency, daylighting, and
ventilation.
The physical size of the skylight greatly affects the illumination level
and temperature of the space below. As a rule of thumb, the skylight size
should never be more than 5% of the floor area in rooms with many windows and
no more than 15% of the room's total floor area for spaces with few windows.
You should also consider a skylight's
position if you want to maximize daylighting and/or passive solar heating
potential. Skylights on roofs that face north provide fairly constant but cool
illumination. Those on east-facing roofs provide maximum light and solar heat
gain in the morning. West-facing skylights provide afternoon sunlight and heat
gain. South-facing skylights provide the greatest potential for desirable
winter passive solar heat gain than any other location, but often allow
unwanted heat gain in the summer. You can prevent unwanted solar heat gain by
installing the skylight in the shade of deciduous (leaf-shedding) trees or
adding a movable window covering on the inside or outside of the skylight. Some
units have special glazing that help control solar heat gain.
Skylight glazing is usually either plastic
or glass, although other glazing technologies may be used for solar heat
control. Depending on the performance you expect from a skylight, you may
choose different types of glazing for different skylight locations throughout
your home.
Plastic glazing is usually inexpensive and less liable to break than most
other glazing materials. However, plastic surfaces scratch easily, and they may
become brittle and discolored over time. Many plastics also allow most of the
ultraviolet (UV) rays in (unless the glazing is coated with a special film),
which increases fading damage to furnishings. Acrylics and polycarbonates are
the most commonly used plastic glazing. Acrylics are weaker but less expensive
than polycarbonates. Although polycarbonates offer high impact resistance, some
yellow with age.
More expensive skylights are usually glazed with glass. Glass is more
durable than plastics and does not discolor. Glass used for skylights must be
"safety glazing," a generic term for both tempered and laminated
glass. Tempered glass is the most impact resistant, and laminated glass is
fabricated with a thin layer of plastic embedded near the center of the glass.
Both keep the glass from breaking into large, sharp pieces. Skylights are often
made with a tempered glass on the exterior side and a laminated pane on the
interior side. This arrangement gives maximum impact resistance while
protecting occupants from falling shards of glass.
Skylights are located on the roof, so they
can result in unwanted summertime solar heat gain. Manufacturers use various
glazing technologies to reduce these impacts, including heat-absorbing tints,
insulated glazing, and low-emissivity (low-e) coatings. Some manufacturers even
install a translucent insulation material between several glazing layers to
create a more thermally efficient assembly.
Skylights can provide ventilation as well as light. Ventilating a
building with an operable skylight releases the hot air that naturally
accumulates near the ceiling. Ventilating skylights usually open outward at the
bottom, and some units vent through a small, hinged panel. Skylights may be
opened manually with a pole, chain, or crank. Automated units with electric
motors or pneumatic devices are also available. Some models incorporate
moisture sensors to automatically close the skylight when it rains. Larger
skylights that can be used as emergency exits are sometimes called "roof
windows" and are located within a few feet of the floor.
Skylights are available in a variety of shapes and sizes. The most common
shapes include rectangular, circular, oval, diamond, triangular, multi-sided,
and tubular.
Non-rectangular units usually use plastic glazing, but higher quality
ones use glass. The glazing can be flat, arched, domed, pyramidal, or
"warped plane"—flat on the low side and concave in section on the
high side. Of these, the pyramidal, arched, and domed shapes offer flexibility
for positioning, because their raised design allows light to enter from more
extreme angles than flat or warped plane units.
The slope or curvature of the glazing also helps to shed moisture and
leaves. These skylight designs also do not require the additional framing
needed to slope a flat skylight for proper drainage on flat or low-slope roofs.
Tubular skylights are smaller than most other skylights. They consist of
roof-mounted light or solar collectors, which increase their daylighting
potential without the need to increase their size. Because the rooftop solar
collector has a small surface area, tubular skylights minimize heat loss in the
winter and heat gain in summer. Their small size also minimizes their impact on
a home's architecture.
Even the most energy-efficient skylight must
be properly installed to ensure that it achieve its energy performance, so it's
best to have a professional install your skylight. In addition to following the
manufacturer's guidelines, it's also important to consider slope and moisture
control during installation.
The slope or tilt of the skylight affects
solar heat gain. A low slope will admit relatively more solar heat in the
summer and less in the winter, exactly the opposite of what is desirable.
As a general rule of thumb, you want to achieve a slope equal to your
geographical latitude plus 5 to 15 degrees.
Water leaks are a common problem with improperly installed skylights.
Avoid water leaks by:
·
Mounting the skylight above the
roof surface
·
Installing a curb (a raised,
watertight lip that helps to deflect water away from the skylight) and flashing
·
Thoroughly sealing joints
·
Following the manufacturer's
guidelines.
It
is also prudent to apply a layer of sheet waterproofing over the
flanges/flashing of the skylight. This is generally installed under the finish
roofing material as an aid in protecting against ice dams. Avoid water
diversion devices such as roof crickets or diverter strips, as they often
create more problems than they solve.
Section
1209. Bays, Porches, and Balconies.
Bay is a
window space projecting outward from the main walls of a building and forming a
bay in a room. Bay window is a generic term for all protruding window
constructions, regardless of height. The most common inside angles are 90, 135
and 150 degrees, though triangular bays formed of two windows set at 120
degrees may be found.
Balconies
are a platform projecting from the wall of a building with a balustrade or
railing along its outer edge, often with access from a door or window.
Railings
shall be provided for balconies, landings, or porches which are more than 750
millimeters above grade.
Section 1210. Penthouses and Roof Structures.
A structure on the roof of a building that is
set back from the outer walls. These structures do not occupy the entire roof
deck. High-rise buildings often have penthouse structures called mechanical
penthouses that enclose mechanisms such as elevator equipment.
When used as private outdoor terrace spaces,
setbacks can allow for significantly larger and more protected spaces than
cantilevered balconies. Due to the desirability of this outdoor space,
buildings may be designed with such setbacks on more than one of its uppermost
levels, to allow apartments on several levels to feature such terraces. Not all
penthouses have such terraces, but they are a desired feature. One such space
may be divided among several apartments, or one apartment may occupy an entire
floor. A penthouse apartment/condominium may also provide occupants with
private access to the roof space above the apartment, instead of, or in
addition to, terrace space created by an adjacent setback.
Penthouse apartments have not only the
advantages of a regular apartment such as security and convenient location but
also all those of a house such as size and design.
Similar to
apartments, penthouses are usually located in the heart of busy cities yet
offer a sense of being situated far away from or above noisy and crowded urban
life. Such locations provide easy access to hotels, restaurants, malls, and
schools. On the basis of their typically larger size, penthouses also generally
overcome the issue of small space in regular apartments.
Features not
found in the majority of apartments in the building may include a private
entrance or elevator, or higher/vaulted ceilings. In buildings consisting
primarily of single level apartments, penthouse apartments may be distinguished
by having two or more levels. They may also have such features as a terrace,
fireplace, more floor area, over-sized windows, multiple master suites,
den/office space, jacuzzi, and more. They might be equipped with luxury
kitchens featuring stainless steel appliances, granite counter-tops, breakfast
bar/island, and more.
Bibliography:
Vicente Foz. The National Building Code of the Philippines (2015 Edition). Philippine
Law Gazette
Internet Sources:
(http://www.garedsports.com/news/playrx-by-gared-bleacher-buying-information-and-faqs)
DEFINITION
Section 1206
The covering for the roof varies, it can be fire retardant or
ordinary. Using of combustible roof is also allowed. As for the trusses, it
should be framed and tied into the framework and supporting walls. To ensure
safety, the joints should be carefully tightened. Diagonal and sway bracing are
used then a camber should be provided to avoid sagging.
The opening access of the
attic will be on the top floor ceiling of the building. For 3 storeys or more,
the entry should be at the corridor/at the hallway. An opening of 600
millimeters or less in diameter is required while the headroom should 800 millimeters
minimum. There is a division of not more than 250 sq meters horizontally in the
attic. In cases like there are fire-extinguishing systems, it should be 750 sq
meters. Draft stops should be installed in between roof and bottom
chord/trusses (buildings exceeding 2000 sq meters); it is used for attic
separation. As for the ventilation, to protect entrance of rain, rafter spaces
formed where ceilings are applied direct to the underside or roof rafters.
The roof draining system is
vital for the reason that water overflowing could lead to major problems. Roof
drains should be of adequate size, at low points. Installed together with roof
drains are overflow drains and scuppers. Another one installed are concealed
piping which is a requirement of the National Plumbing Code. Water draining
should not flow to a public property for it may cause obstructions and other
problems. As for the juncture of the roof and for the vertical surfaces, there
should be flashing and counter flashing.
Member
Name: Guillena, Arianne P.
Section 1207
In Section
1207, the topics discussed are stairs exit and occupant loads. The main purpose of building codes are to
protect public health, safety and general welfare as they relate to the
construction and occupancy of buildings and structures. The
section also mentioned that in buildings with occupants more than 50 people,
the swing of the exit door should always be in the direction of the exit
travel. Exit door should be accessed from the inside without the use of a key
or any special knowledge or effort. The exit doorway should not be less than
900mm and not less than 2000mm in height and no door leaf should exceed 1200mm
in width. Other exit doors should have an exit sign so that it is
easily distinguished. An exit passageway shall not be used for any purpose
other than as a means of egress.
A staircase will require a minimum width not less than 1.1m for
occupants more than 50 , 900mm for less than 50 occupants and a 750mm serving
an occupant load of 10. A rise not exceeding 200mm and a run not less than
250mm.
Handrail that makes it stand out requiring designers to have a standard
of not less than 800 millimeters nor more than 900 millimeters above the nosing
of treads. Exterior construction
stairways should be of incombustible materials.
Aisles shall be provided in all stands: except, that aisles may be omitted
when all the following conditions exists;
Seats are without backrests; the rise from row to row does not exceed 300
millimeters per row; the number of rows does not exceed 11 in height; the top seating board is not over 3.00
meters above grade; and the first seating board is not more than 500
millimeters above grade. No obstruction shall be placed in the required width
of any aisle or exitway.
With standard seating, the
spacing of rows of seats from back-to-back shall not less than 840 millimeters.
With continental seating, the spacing of rows of unoccupied seat shall provide
a clear width measured horizontally, as follows: 450 millimeters clear for rows
of 18 seats or less; 500 millimeters clear for rows of 35 seats or less; 525
millimeters clear for rows of 45 seats or less; and 550 millimeters clear for
rows of 46 seats or more. The width if any seat be not less than 450 millimeters.
Member Names: Uy, Gamaliel Rose A.,
Argallon, Ave Galle M. & Piquero, Senclaire Ruejess C.
SECTION
1208
A skylight can provide your home with
daylighting and ventilation. When properly selected and installed, an
energy-efficient skylight can help minimize your heating, cooling, and lighting
costs.
Member
Name: Atoc, Diane Jade A.
SECTION
1209
A bay is usually large window or group of
windows that projects from a wall of a building forming a recess within the
building.
Porches are structure attached to the
exterior of a building often forming a covered entrance. Balcony is a
balustraded or railed elevated platform projecting from the wall of a building.
Member
Name: Atoc, Diane Jade A.
SECTION
1210
Penthouse is an apartment or other houselike
structure built upon the roof of a building.
Member
Name: Atoc, Diane Jade A.
